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Mammary
Mutilation Worldwide
Over the last
decade, media coverage has focused attention on the practice of
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), in which women undergo painful
cutting procedures on their genitalia and permanent alter their
anatomy. Women in areas of the developing world undergo the disfiguring
process because their culture emphasizes that the natural female
body is "ugly" or "dirty" and must be surgically
fixed. It is also widely believed that mutilated genitalia will
give their husbands more pleasure during sex.
Many people
in the so-called "developed world" find the practice of
FGM repugnant, but few note that a similarly sickening practice
is common in our own society. Female Mammary Mutilation (FMM) is
widespread among women in the Western world, where cultural preconceptions
of female beauty emphasize unrealistically sized and shaped breasts.
Breast cutting is epidemic among popular female performers and celebrities,
leading young women to believe that surgical alteration is necessary
to achieve their dreams. Male-centered pornography commonly depicts
women with breasts like fleshy bowling balls stuck to an anorexic
torso with superglue. After repeated exposure to these images, young
men no longer realize that these grotesque parodies of natural breasts
are not normal. Instead, they associate surgical alteration with
eroticism, and go on to encourage breast cutting in their wives
and lovers.
It is notable
that the practice of FMM is endemic to the "developed"
world. This is undoubtedly linked to these nations' distinct (and
sometimes destructive) cultural constructs.
For example,
many social scientists note that in poorer nations, a fleshy body
is considered beautiful, whereas wealthy nations typically idealize
skinniness. Likewise,
our culture's fascination with grossly enlarged breasts can be linked
to the decline in fertility levels that is almost universal among
"developed" nations. In countries where women have many
children, breasts are seldom eroticized so much as considered useful
in the nourishment of offspring. In the Western world, where women
typically bear fewer children, the breast has been fetishized, made
into something exclusively sexy. Ironically, the decline of fertility
(and thus of the usefulness of the breast) has paralleled a growth
in the expectation of "normal" breast size. As the United
States population growth rate falls below "replacement"
levels, idealized breast size has swelled to proportions that women
cannot achieve without surgical alteration.
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